СHILDREN’S GRAVE AT THE CEMETERY OF THE CHERNYAKHIV CULTURE VOYTENKI


  • E. Schultze German Archaeological Institute
  • М. V. Lyubichev Kharkiv National V.N.Karazin-University
  • A. D. Kozak Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2094-4490
Keywords: Late Roman Period, Chernyakhiv Culture, children’s grave, anthropological research, pathological sings

Abstract

The children’s graves at the cemeteries of the Chernyakhiv / Sоntana de Mureş culture are the relevant problem for the archaeology of the period. Children’s burials at the cemeteries of this culture have been the subject of special study for more than fifteen years. At the cemetery Voytenky 15 graves of children of various ages were discovered (graves 6, 34, 50, 72, 79, 85, 94, 97, 99, 103, 126, 217, 218, 220, 231). Their analysis is envisaged within the framework of the project on the reconstruction of the social structure of the population of the Chernyakhiv culture on the basis of the cemetery Voytenki.

The publication of materials from grave 231 of the cemetery Voytenki includes archaeological and anthropological analysis. Inventory features of the complex allow determination of the social status of the child and his family.

The burial’s inventory includes 24 vessels. A specific feature of this complex is the presence of an amphora. The burial belongs to the phase «C» after the relative chronology of the «classical» Chernyakhiv culture horizon in the Dnepr-Do­netsk forest-steppe (after M. Lyubichev). This correlates with stages C3, C3/D1 by J. Tejral, and in absolute dates can be attributed to the third quarter of the 4th century.

The age of the child determined as (1.5) 2—2.5 years. Pathological lesions on the skeleton diagnosed as traces of scurvy, probably anemia, and viral or bacterial meningitis. Their presence permits raise the question of adaptation of the children of particular social class to their living conditions. Presumably, some adults of this social stratum belonged to the mobile part of the population or were in close contact with migrants. Migrations could be seen as one of the reasons, led to the emergence of new infections, which primarily affected children.

The grave with the amphora testifies to the strong economic position of the family, whose child was buried. This family probably participated in an interregional exchange.

References

Ambroz, A. K. 1966. Fibuly yuga Evropejskoj chasti SSSR. Svod arheologicheskih istochnikov, D 1-30. Мoskva: Nauka.
Vnukov, S. Yu. 2006. Prichernomorskie amfory I v. do n. e. — II v. n. e. II: Petrografiya hronologiya problemy torgovli. Sankt Peterburg: Aletejya.
Gej, O. A. 1993. Chernyahovskaya kul’tura. Hronologiya. In: Rybakov, B. A. (ed.). Slavyane i ih sosedi v koncze I tys. do n. e. — pervoj polovine I tys. n. e. Moskva: Nauka, s. 146-155.
Gopkalo, O. V. 2008. Busy i podveski chernyahovskoj kultury. Kiev: Korvin-Piotrovskij A. O.
Didenko, S. V. 2018. Antychnyi keramichnyi import u cherniakhivskii kulturi na terytorii Ukrainy. Dyssertaciia k. i. n. Kyiv, IA NAN Ukrainy.
Kozak, O. D. 2010. Kyiany kniazhoi doby. Bioarkheolohichni studii. Kyiv: Academperiodika.
Kozak, O. D. 2016. Zemleroby u verkhiv’iakh Pivdennoho Buha (paleopatolohichne doslidzhennia mohylnyka bilia s.Lisovi Hrynivtsi). Oium, 5: Cherniakhivska kultura: do 85-richchia vid dnia narodzhennia I. S. Vynokura, s. 116-126
Kozak, O. D. 2017. Antropolohichnyi analiz inhumatsiinykh pokhovan na mohylnyku Viitenky, vidkrytykh u 2017 rotsi. In: Lyubichev, M. V., Filatov, D. A., Myzgin, K. V., Shul’tcze, E., Varacheva, K. G., Rusnak, V. V. Otchet o rabote Germano-Slavyanskoj arheologicheskoj ekspediczii Harkovskogo naczional’nogo universiteta imeni V. N. Karazina v 2017 g. NA IA NAN Ukrainy, f. 64, s. 208-221.
Kozak, O. D., Schultz, M. 2007. Paleopatolohiia ta diahnostyka tsynhy (na antropolohichnykh materialakh z davnoruskoho Kyieva). Arkheolohiia, 4, s. 60-69.
Lyubichev, M. V. 2009. Pogrebenie s rimskim importom na mogilnike chernyahovskoj kultury Vojtenki Vostochnaya Ukraina. Ostrogothica. Arheologiya Czentralnoj i Vostochnoj Evropy pozdnerimskogo vremeni i Epohi Velikogo pereseleniya narodov, s. 72-90.
Lyubichev, M. V. 2019. Rannyaya istoriya dnepro-doneczkoj lesostepi I—V vekov. 1, 2. Ostrogothica-Serie, 2. Har’kov: Estet print.
Mamchur, B., Kozak, O. 2020 Zubni zakhvoriuvannia ta markery stresu u meshkantsiv poselennia Viitenky. Ostrogo¬thica, 3, s. 516-527.
Petrauskas, O. V., 2004. Pokhovannia bahatoi divchynky na mohylnyku cherniakhivskoi kultury. In: Kozak, D. N. (ed.). Arkheolohiia davnikh slov’ian. Doslidzhennia i materialy. Kyiv: Korvin Press, s. 165-188.
Rudych, T. O. 2004.Antropolohichne vyznachennia reshtok skeletu z pokhovannia N 132. Dodatok. In: Petrauskas, O. V, 2004. Pokhovannia bahatoi divchynky na mohylnyku cherniakhivskoi kultury. In: Kozak, D. N. (ed.). Arkheolohiia davnikh slov’ian. Doslidzhennia i materialy. Kyiv: Korvin Press, s. 184.
Schultz, M., Kozak, A. D. 2008. Morfologiya i klassifikacziya sledov meningialnyh reakczij na drevnih cherepah (problemy diagnostiki na primere srednevekovyh populyaczij Kieva). Opus: Mezhdiscziplinarnye issledovaniya v arheologii, 6, s. 276-299.
Schultze, E., Lyubichev, M. V. 2018. Gruppa pogrebenij-ingumaczij v severo-zapadnoj chasti mogil’nika chernyahovskoj kul’tury Vojtenki: voprosy hronologii. Ostrogothica-Serie, 3: Hronologiya i monetnye nahodki pozdnerimskogo vremeni i epohi Velikogo pereseleniya narodov. Aktual’nye arheologicheskie issledovaniya v Czentral’noj i Vostochnoj Evrope, s. 121-145.
Arsen’eva, T., Kassab Tezgцr, D., Naumenko, S. 1997. Un depotoir d’atelier d’amphores a pate Claire. Commerce entre Heraclee du Pont et Tanais a l’epoque romaine. Anatolia Antiqua, V, p. 187-198.
Baker, B. J., Dupras, T. L., Tocheri, M. W. 2005. The Osteology of Infants and Children. Texas: A&M University.
Brickley, M., Ives, R. 2008. The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease. Amsterdam; London: Elsevier.
Gavritukhin, I. 2002. On the study of double-plate fibulas of the first subgroup. A nyнregyhбzi Jуsa Andrбs Mъzeum Йvkцnyve, 44, р. 113-184.
Gudkova, A. V., Schultze, E. 2017. Grдberfeld und Siedlung Nagoroe 2. Ein Fundplatz des Ŝantana de Mureş—Černjachov-Kultur an der Unteren Donau. Archдologie in Eurasien, 35. Bonn: Habelt.
Kalnins, V. 1952. Developmental Disturbances of Enamel in Scurvy. Journal of Dental Research, 31, p. 440-452.
Lewis, M. 2018. Paleopathology of Children. Identification of Pathological Conditions in the Human Skeletal Remains of Non-Adults. Elsevier, Academic Press.
Loth, S. R., Henneberg, M. 2001. Sexually Dimorphic Mandibular Morphology in the First Few Years of Life. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 115, 2, p. 179-186.
Luna, L., Aranda, C., Santos, A. L. 2017. New Method for Sex Prediction Using the Human Non-Adult Auricular Surface of the Ilium in the Collection of Identified Skeletons of the University of Coimbra. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 27, 5, p. 898-911.
Lyubichev, M. 2013. The secondary used artifact in grave 41 of the chernyakhov cemetery of Voytenki. In: Khrapunov, I., Stylegar, F.-A. (ed.). Inter ambo maria. Northern Barba¬rians from Scandinavia towards the Black sea. Kristiansand; Simferopol, p. 236-248.
Mittler, D., Sheridan, S. 1992. Sex Determination in Subadults Using Auricular Surface Morphology: a Forensic Science Perspective. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 37, 4, р. 1068-1075.
Molleson, T., Cruse, K., Mays, S. 1998. Some Sexually Dimorphic Features of the Human Juvenile Skeleton and their Value in Sex Determination in Immature Juvenile Remains. Journal of Archaeological Science, 25, 8, р. 719-728.
Ortner, D. J., Ericksen, M. F. 1998. Bone Changes in the Human Skull probably Resulting from Scurvy in Infancy and Childhood. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 7, 3, р. 212-220.
Reinman, A. S. 2015. Sex Estimation in Subadult Skeletons: a Test of Eight Nonmetric Traits of the Mandible and Ilium. Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts. Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton.
Schaefer, M., Black, S., Scheuer, L. 2008. Juvenile Osteology: a Laboratory and Field Manual. New York: Academic Press.
Scheuer, L. 2002. Brief Communications: a Blind Test of Mandibular Morphology for Sexing Mandibles in the First Few Years of Life. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 119, р. 189-191.
Schultze, E., 2004. Zu den Kindergrдbern im Be¬reich der Černjachov-Kultur. In: Kokowski, A. (ed.). Europa Barbarica. Ćwierć wieku archeologii w Masłomęczu IV. Monumenta Studia Gothica. Lublin: UMCS, S. 415-425.
Schultze, E., Lyubichev, M. V. 2017. A Cremation Grave of the Chernyakhov Culture with Spurs and Knop Bow Fibula (Bьgelknopffibel): Regional Context and Interregional Comparison. Swiatowit, Supplement Series C: Pontica et Caucasica, 1: The Crimea and the Nothern Black Sea Coast in Archaeological Research 1956—2013, p. 277-294.
Schutkowski, H. 1993. Sex Determination of Infant and Juvenile Skeletons: I. Morphognostic Features. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 90, 2, р. 199-205.
Skinner, M. F. 1986. An Enigmatic Hypoplastic Defect of the Deciduous Canine. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 69, 1, р. 59-69.
Skinner, M. F., Hung, J. T. W. 1989. Social and Biological Correlates of localized Enamel Hypoplasia of the Human Deciduous Canine Tooth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 79, 2, р. 159-175.
Skinner, M., Newell, E. 2000. A Re-Evaluation of Localized Hypoplasia of the Primary Canine as a Marker of Craniofacial Osteopenia in European Upper Paleolithic Infants. Acta Universitatis Carolinae Medica, 41, p. 41-58.
Skinner, M. F., Hadaway, W., Dickie, J. 1994. Effects of Ethnicity, Nutrition and Birth Month on Localized Enamel Hypoplasia of the Primary Canine. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children, 61, 2, p. 109-113.
Tejral, J. 1992. Einige Bemerkungen zur Chronologie der Spдten Rцmischen Kaiserzeit in Mitteleuropa. In: Godłowski, K., Madyda-Legutko, R. (eds.). Probleme der relativen und absoluten Chronologie ab Latиnezeit bis zum Frьhmittelalter. Krakуw, S. 227-248.
Thomas, J. A., Temple, D. H., Klaus, H. D. 2019. Crypt Fenestration Enamel Defects and Early Life Stress: Contextual Explorations of Growth and Mortality in Colonial Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 168, 3, p. 582-594.
Thomas, S. 1960. Studien zu den germanischen Kдmmen der Rцmischen Kaiserzeit. Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur Sдchsischen Bodendenkmalpflege, 8, S. 54-120.
Ubelaker, D. H. 1978. Human Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Analysis, Interpretation. Chicago: Aldine.
Villotte, S., Knьsel, C. J. 2013. Understanding Entheseal Changes: Definition and Life Course Changes. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 23, 2: Special Issue: Entheseal Changes and Occupation: Technical and Theoretical Advances and Their Applications, p. 135-146.
Weaver, D. S. 1980. Sex Differences in the Ilia of a Known Sex and Age Sample of Fetal and Infant Skeletons. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 52, 2, p. 191-195.
White, T. D., Folkens, P. A. 2005. Human Bone Manual. Elsevier, Academic Press.

Abstract views: 105
PDF Downloads: 97
Published
2020-06-07
How to Cite
Schultze, E., LyubichevМ. V., & Kozak, A. D. (2020). СHILDREN’S GRAVE AT THE CEMETERY OF THE CHERNYAKHIV CULTURE VOYTENKI . Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine, 36(3), 489-452. https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.03.36