ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON THE TERRITORY OF THE NORTHERN BASTION OF THE OLD CASTLE (PILNA GATE) IN KAMIANETS-PODILSKYI IN 2019
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.02.15Keywords:
Old Castle, Pilna Gate, stratigraphy, fortification, ceramics, Western Trypillia culture, Chornoliska culture, Middle Ages, Early Modern time.Abstract
The paper presents the results of archeological research inspired by the collapse of part of a wall at the Northern Bastion of the Old Castle in the area of the former Pilna Gate in Kamianets-Podilskyi, Khmelnytskyi region. This paper contains the description of the recorded stratigraphic situation, design features of the discovered fortifications (fortification of the Chornoliska culture, the remains of the Pilna Gate and the underground battle gallery), archaeological material presented by the findings of the Western Trypillia and Chornoliska cultures, Middle Ages — early Modern time of the 13th—18th centuries.
As a result of archeological observations of anti-accident works at the site of the collapsed wall in the north-western corner of the North Bastion, a number of important archeological sites were discovered, and various archeological material was recorded. This makes possible the following conclusions:
- Active use of the territory started during the Eneolithic period. A layer of the Western Trypillia culture, stage BI, was found above the virgin rock. Several overplaced fragments of ceramics of the CII stage were also found.
- Lowering of the Eneolithic horizon in the western direction and the discovery of a stone backfill above it (rubble) put the question of the existence of the first fortification on this territory during the Late Trypillia stage CII.
- Above the horizon of the Western Trypillia culture the construction of a moat, a rampart and a picket fence of the Chornoliska culture of the 9th—8thcenturies BC was discovered.
- Fortification structures of the 9th—8thcenturies BC were covered with a layer of broken rock. This layer was formed during the reconstruction of the castle which was accompanied by deepening of the moat and raising of the rampart. These works are dated to the 14th— first half of the 16th century.
- In the middle of the 16thcentury The Pilna Gate and the underground battle gallery were built. The construction of the underground gallery preserved ancient horizons which we traced below the level of its occurrence.
- In the beginning of the 18thcentury on the west side a wall was built, the base of which was let into the ancient moat. A similar situation with a stepped configuration of the base of the wall was previously recorded during archaeological work on the Ruska Gate.
References
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Vynohrodska, L. I., Boltaniuk, P. A. 2010. Arkheolohichni doslidzhennia Pivnichnoho bastionu zamku u m. Kam’ianets-Podilskyi u 2008—2010 rr. In: Aktualni problemy arkheolohii. Tezy Mizhnarodnoi naukovoi konferentsii na poshanu I. S. Vynokura (Kam’ianets-Podilskyi, 23—25 veresnia 2010 r.). Ternopil: Aston, s. 102-104.
Vynohrodska, L. I., Boltaniuk, P. A. 2012. Elementy fortyfikatsii Pivnichnoho bastionu Staroho zamku Kam’ianets-Podilskoho. Arkheolohiia & Fortyfikatsiia Serednoho Podnistrov’ia, 2, s. 126-130.
Hutsal, A. F., Boltaniuk, P. A. 2007. Arkheolohichni doslidzhennia na terytorii Kam’ianets-Podilskoi fortetsi 2007 r. In: Materialy XII Podilskoi istoryko-kraieznavchoi konferentsii (22—23 lystopada 2007 r.). Kam’ianets-Podilskyi: Oiium, s. 205-209.
Mykhailovskyi, V. M. 2008. Opysy kam’ianetskoho ta letychivskoho zamkiv 1613 r. Naukovi pratsi Kam’ianets-Podilskoho natsionalnoho universytetu: Istorychni nauky, 18, s. 98-116.
Moshak, M. I. 2012. Opys kam’ianetskoho zamku 1572 roku, yak nove dzherelo dlia vyvchennia skladu ta ustroiu serednovichnoi zamkovoi zalohy ta oboronozdatnosti mista. Arkheolohiia & Fortyfikatsiia Serednoho Podnistrov’ia, 2, s. 115-117.
Nechytailo, P., Boltaniuk, P., Starenkyi, I. 2019. Arkheolohichne obstezhennia v raioni bramy Pilnoi Staroho zamku Kam’ianets-Podilskoho 2019 roku. Arkheolohiia & Fortyfikatsiia Ukrainy, 9, s. 120-126.
Nechytailo, P., Onohda, O. 2021. Keramichnyi kompleks druhoi polovyny XIII — pershoi polovyny XV st. z doslidzhen u Kam’iantsi-Podilskomu. Ukraina Lithuanica: studii z istorii Velykoho kniazivstva Lytovskoho, 6, s. 136-179.
Ovchynnykov, E., Vynohrodska, L., Boltaniuk, P. 2013. Keramika Kukuten-Trypillia z terytorii Staroho zamku (Pivnichnyi bastion) m. Kam’ianets-Podilskyi. Arkheolohiia & Fortyfikatsiia Serednoho Podnistrov’ia, 3, s. 10-17.
Ovchynnykov, E., Vynohrodska, L., Boltaniuk, P., 2014. Do pytannia pro fortyfikatsiini sporudy na poselenniakh Kukuten-Trypillia. Arkheolohiia & Fortyfikatsiia Ukrainy, 4, s. 54-61.
Palaguta, I. V. 2016. Tripolskaia kultura v nachale razvitogo perioda (VІ): otnositelnaia khronologiia i lokalnye varianty pamiatnikov. Kiev: O. Filiuk.
Plamenitskaia, E. 1978. Otchet ob arkhitekturno-arkheologicheskikh issledovaniiakh pamiatnika arkhitektury XIII—XVII vv. — zamka v g. Kamentse-Podolskom (po materialam 1968—1969 gg.). NA IA NAN Ukrainy, f. 64, 1968—69/106.
Plamenytska, O., Plamenytska Ye. 1999. Kam’ianets-Podilskyi — misto na peryferii Rymskoi imperii. Naidavnisha urbanistychna struktura i fortyfikatsii. Pam’iatky Ukrainy. Istoriia ta kultura, 4, s. 1-80.
Plamenytska, O. A. 2012. Castrum Camenecensis. Fortetsia Kam’ianets (piznoantychnyi-rannomodernyi chas). Kam’ianets-Podilskyi: Abetka.
Popova, T. A. 2003. Mnogosloinoe poselenie Polivanov Iar. K evoliutsii Tripolskoi kultury v Srednem Podnestrove. Sankt-Peterburg: MAE RAN.
Setsinskii, E. I. 1895. Gorod Kamenets-Podolskii. Istoricheskoe opisanie. Kiev: S. V. Kulzhenko.
Starenkyi, I., Levinzon, Ye. 2021. Pryvatne zhytlo druhoi polovyny XIII — pochatku XV st. z arkheolohichnykh doslidzhen u Kam’iantsi-Podilskomu po vulytsi Tatarskii, 17/1. Ukraina Lithuanica: studii z istorii Velykoho kniazivstva Lytovskoho, 6, s. 121-135.
Shkurko, S. K. 2017. Arkheolohichna karta mista Kam’iantsia-Podilskoho (za materialamy doslidzhen 1952—1974 rr.). Kam’ianets-Podilskyi: Medobory-2006.
Jabłonowski, A. 1882. Zamek Kamieniecki u schylku pierwszej polowy XVI wieku. Regestr wszego budowania wokrąg i zewnątrz zamku Kamienieckiego tak nowo murów murowanych jako starych wedle potrzeb poprawionych i wywoźenie przekopów zamkowych przez pana Wojciecha Starzechowskiego kasztelana bełzkiego etc pomierzane. Roku 1544. Przeglad bibliografijiezno-archeologiczny, III, s. 11-30.
Passek, T. 1935. La Céramique Tripolienne. Izvestiia GAIMK, 122. Moskva; Leningrad: Sotsekgiz.
Prusiewicz, А. 1915. Kamieniec Podolski. Szkic historyczny. Kijow; Warszawa: Leon Idzikwski.
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Published
2022-06-30
How to Cite
Nechytailo, P. O. ., Levinzon, Y. Y. ., & Boltaniuk, P. A. . (2022). ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON THE TERRITORY OF THE NORTHERN BASTION OF THE OLD CASTLE (PILNA GATE) IN KAMIANETS-PODILSKYI IN 2019. Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine, 43(2(43), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.02.15
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