HUMAN-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS AT KORMAN’ 9, UKRAINE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2024.01.08Keywords:
Zooarchaeology, faunal exploitation, Upper Palaeolithic, Late Pleistocene, EpigravettianAbstract
The maximum ice sheet expansions of the Last Glacial Maximum between 26.5 and 22 ka cal BP (e. g., the maximum glacial extents Leszno and Frankfurt) are followed by a succession of interstadial (e. g., Cosăuţi V Interstadial) and stadial conditions toward the end of the Late Pleniglacial. This period is generally thought to have witnesses a European-wide decline in population density, and is characterized by a scarcity of sites. Here, we report on one such site, Korman’ 9, Archaeological Layer (AL) I, dated to ca. 21.9 ka cal BP located in the Dniester valley. The archaeology — assigned to the Epigravettian — is situated in a pedogenesis horizon consistent with the Cosăuţi V Interstadial. Here we describe the human-animal interaction based on faunal evidence comprising both dietary as well as secondary exploitation of the faunal remains. Analyses include spatial distribution of the bones, the interplay of carnivore and human mediation of the faunal assemblage. In particular we describe human modifications both in terms of dietary exploitation as well as organic technology. Our results indicate that Epigravettian hunter-gatherers were the main accumulator of the faunal assemblage, whereas carnivores had only secondary access. All recovered taxa show traces of human exploitation. Horse, reindeer and hare were exploited for dietary purposes shown by evidence for skinning, dismembering and filleting. There is evidence for on-site working of reindeer antler and a needle fragment attests of bone tool technology. Fox teeth, freshwater and fossil shells were used as beads for personal ornamentation. Thus, in addition to dietary exploitation, animal remains formed a common and diverse part of socio-economic behaviour and were well-incorporated in hunter-gatherer technological and symbolic expression during the Korman’ 9, AL I, Epigravettian.
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Kulakovska, L. V., Usyk, V. I., Haesaerts, P., Pirson, S., Kononenko, O. M., Nigst, Ph. 2019. Verkhnopaleolitychna stoianka Korman 9. Arkheolohiia i davnia istoriia Ukrainy, 3 (32), s. 111-125.
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Behrensmeyer, A. K. 1978. Taphonomic and ecologic information from bone weathering. Paleobiology, 4, 2, p. 150-162.
Benghiat, S., Komљo, D., Miracle, P. T. 2009. An experimental analysis of perforated shells from the site of Љebrn Abri (Istria), Croatia. In: McCartan, S., Schulting, R., Warren, G., Woodman, P. (eds.). Mesolithic Horizons: Papers Presented at the Seventh International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Belfast 2005. Oxford, p. 730-736.
Bosch, M. D., Buck, L. T., Strauss, A. 2023. Perforations in Columbellidae shells: Using 3D models to differentiate anthropogenic piercing from natural perforations. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 49, 103937.
Burke, A., Kageyama, M., Latombe, G., Fasel, M., Vrac, M., Ramstein, G., James, P. M. A. 2017. Risky business: The impact of climate and climate variability on human population dynamics in Western Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 164, p. 217-229.
Cascalheira, J., Alcaraz-Castaсo, M., Alcolea-Gonzбlez, J., de Andrйs-Herrero, M., Arrizabalaga, A., Aura Tortosa, J. E., Garcia-Ibaibarriaga, N., Iriarte-Chiapusso, M.-J. 2021. Paleoenvironments and human adaptations during the Last Glacial Maximum in the Iberian Peninsula: a review. Quaternary International, 581—582, p. 28-51.
d’Errico, F., Jardon-Giner, P., Soler-Mayor, B. 1993. Critиres а base expйrimentale pour l’йtude des perforations naturelles et intentionnelles sur coquillages. In: Anderson, P. C., Beyries, S., Otte, M., Plisson, H. (eds.). Traces et fonction: les gestes retrouvйs. Liege, p. 243-254.
Demay, L., Belyaeva, V. I., Kulakovksa, L. V., Patou-Mathis, M., Pйan, S., Stupak, D. V., Vasil’ev, P. M., Otte, M., Noiret, P. 2016. New evidences about human activities during the first part of the Upper Pleniglacial in Ukraine from zooarchaeological studies. Quaternary International, 412, p. 16-36.
Demay, L., Julien, M. A., Anghelinu, M., Shydlovskyi, P. S., Koulakovska, L. V., Pйan, S., Stupak, D. V., Vasyliev, P. M., Obăda, T., Wojtal, P., Belyaeva, V. I. 2021. Study of human behaviors during the Late Pleniglacial in the East European Plain through their relation to the animal world. Quaternary International, 581—582, p. 258-289.
Dogandћić, T., McPherron, S. P., Mihailović, D. 2014. Middle and Upper Paleolithic in the Balkans: Continuities and discontinuities of human occupations. In: Mihailović, D. (ed.). Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Research in the Central Balkans. Belgrade, p. 83-96.
Fehйr, Z., Zettler, M., Bozsу, M., Szabу, K. 2009. An attempt to reveal the systematic relationship between Theodoxus prevostianus (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) and Theodoxus danubialis (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Neritidae). Mollusca, 27, 2, p. 95-107.
Gifford, D. P., Crader, D. C. 1977. A Computer Coding System for Archaeological Faunal Remains. American Antiquity, 42, 2, p. 225.
Glцer, P. 2019. The Freshwater Gastropods of the West-Palaearctis. I: Fresh- and brackish waters except spring and subterranean snails. Hetlingen: Biodiversity Research Lab.
Grayson, D. K. 1984. Quantitative Zooarchaeology: Topics in the Analysis of Archaeological Faunas. Orlando: Academic Press.
Haesaerts, P., Borziac, I., Chekha, V. P., Chirica, V., Drozdov, N. I., Koulakovska, L., Orlova, L. A., Plicht, J. van der, Damblon, F. 2010. Charcoal and wood remains for radiocarbon dating Upper Pleistocene loess sequences in Eastern Europe and Central Siberia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 291, 1—2, p. 106-127.
Haesaerts, P., Borziak, I., Chirica, V., Damblon, F., Koulakovska, L., Van der Plicht, J. 2003. The East Carpathian Loess Record: A Reference for the Middle and Late Plenigalcial Stratigraphy in Central Europe. Quaternaire, 14, 3, p. 163-188.
Haesaerts, P., Gerasimenko, N., Damblon, F., Yurchenko, T., Kulakovska, L., Usik, V., Ridush, B. 2020. The Upper Palaeolithic site Doroshivtsi III: A new chronostratigraphic and environmental record of the Late Pleniglacial in the regional context of the Middle Dniester-Prut loess domain (Western Ukraine). Quaternary International, 546, p. 196-215.
Harzhauser, M., Mandic, O., Schlцgl, J. 2011. A late Burdigalian bathyal mollusc fauna from the Vienna Basin (Slovakia). Geologica Carpathica, 62, 3, p. 211-231.
Hoffecker, J. F. 2002. Desolate landscapes: Ice-Age settlement in Eastern Europe. Rutgers University.
Ivanova, I. K., Chernysh, A. P. 1965. The Paleolothic site of Molodova V on the Middle Dniestr. Quaternaria, VII, p. 197-217.
Jovanović, G., Boљnjak, M. 2016. Fissidentalium badense (Partsch in Hцrnes, 1856) from the Badenian deposits of the south and southwestern margin of the Pannonian Basin System (Central Paratethys). Geologia Croatica, 69, 2, p. 195-200.
Klein, R. G. 1973. Ice-Age Hunters of the Ukraine. Chicago: University of Chicago.
Klein, K., Wegener, C., Schmidt, I., Rostami, M., Ludwig, P., Ulbrich, S., Richter, J., Weniger, G.-C., Shao, Y. 2021. Human existence potential in Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary International, 581—582, p. 7-27.
Krolopp, E. 2003. Mollusc species of the Hungarian Pleistocene formations (as of Dec 31 of year 2002). Malakolуgiai Tбjйkoztatу, 21, p. 13-18.
Kulakovska, L., Usik, V., Haesaerts, P., Ridush, B., Uthmeier, T., Hauck, T. C. 2015. Upper Paleolithic of Middle Dniester: Doroshivtsi III site. Quaternary International, 359, p. 347-361.
Kulakovska, L., Kononenko, O., Haesaerts, P., Pirson, S., Spry-Marquйs, P., Bosch, M. D., Popova, L., Popiuk, Y., Damblon, F., Usik, V., Nigst, P. R. 2021. The new Upper Palaeolithic site Korman’ 9 in the Middle Dniester valley (Ukraine): Human occupation during the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary International, 587—588, p. 230-250.
Lyman, R. L. 2008. Quantitative paleozoology. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Marean, C. W., Spencer, L. M. 1991. Impact of carnivore ravaging on zooarchaeological measures of element abundance. American Antiquity, 56, p. 645-658.
McPherron, S. P., Dibble, H. L. 2002. Using Computers in Archaeology: A Practical Guide. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Mihailović, D. 2014. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Research in the Central Balkans. Belgrade: Serbian Archaeological Society.
Nigst, P. R., Haesaerts, P., Damblon, F., Frank-Fellner, C., Mallol, C., Viola, B., Gцtzinger, M., Niven, L., Trnka, G., Hublin, J.-J. 2014. Early modern human settlement of Europe north of the Alps occurred 43,500 years ago in a cold steppe-type environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 40, p. 14394-14399.
Noiret, P. 2009. Le Palйolithique supйrieur de Moldavie. Essai de synthиse d’une йvolution multi-culturelle. Liиge: Universitй de Liиge.
Pinhasi, R., Meshveliani, T., Matskevich, Z., Bar-Oz, G., Weissbrod, L., Miller, C. E., Wilkinson, K., Lordkipanidze, D., Jakeli, N., Kvavadze, E., Higham, T. F. G., Belfer-Cohen, A. 2014. Satsurblia: New Insights of Human Response and Survival across the Last Glacial Maximum in the Southern Caucasus. Plos one, 9 (10), e111271.
Połtowicz-Bobak, M., Kulakovska, L., Bobak, D., Usik, V., Kononenko, O., Łanczont, M., Mroczek, P., Standzikowski, K., Demay, L., Nadachowski, A., Lemanik, A. 2022. Old site, new problems: the Gravettian campsite of Doroshivtsi III, Middle Dniester River Valley, western Ukraine. Antiquity, 96 (388), p. 1-10.
R Core Team 2020. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.
Reitz, E. J., Wing, E. S. 2008. Zooarchaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Sands, A. F., Glцer, P., Gьrlek, M. E., Albrecht, C., Neubauer, T. A. 2020. A revision of the extant species of Theodoxus (Gastropoda, Neritidae) in Asia, with the description of three new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution, 96, 1, p. 25-66.
Soffer, O. 1985. The Upper Paleolithic of the central Russian plain. Academic Press.
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2024-02-27
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Bosch, M. D. ., Kulakovska, L. ., Usyk, V. ., Kononenko, O. ., Spry-Marquйs P. ., & Nigst, P. R. . (2024). HUMAN-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS AT KORMAN’ 9, UKRAINE . Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine, 50(1(50), 119–138. https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2024.01.08
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