CRANIAL TREPANATION IN THE GLOBULAR AMPHORAE CULTURE BURIAL OF WESTERN PODILLYA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2024.01.09Keywords:
Globular Amphorae culture, Podillya, palaeopathology, trepanation, cranial traumaAbstract
In a stone tomb of the Globular Amphorae culture near the village of Ozerany in Podillya region, the skull of a male aged 35—45 years with two holes was discovered. One of the defects is situated in the frontal bone above the Glabella and other — in the posterior part of the sagittal suture, near the intersection of the sagittal and lambda sutures. The hole on the frontal bone is the result of a healed penetrating injury caused by a sharp weapon such as a goad. The edges of the hole in the posterior part of the sagittal suture were smoothed and sclerotized. The lesion morphology analysis allowed us to diagnose it as a trepanation. The edges are completely obliterated, indicating that the man survived for several years after the operation.
Trepanations along the midline of the skull, the cause of which cannot be detected, are associated with ritual practices. This conclusion cannot be reached without the identification of several instances of such procedures in a single culture and within a certain territory. Cranial operations are known in the GAC populations of central and northern Europe. Some of them are comparable in location (on the sagittal suture) and size to the hole in the skull of the Ozeryany man. The fact that they are quite rare and that the cases are far apart, however, does not allow us to suggest any cultic practices. Most likely, the operation on the man from Ozeryany was performed to treat the endocranial consequences of a forehead injury, or to clean the edges of a penetrating injury at the site of the trepanation.
This trepanation is the only evidence of cranial surgery in the eastern part of the distribution of the Globular Amphorae culture by now.
The enlargement of the samples will determine whether this operation was unique to Podillya and Volyn. Hypothetically, the trepanation could have been performed on male migrants before he moved to the East. Alternatively, people of Western Podillya Globular Amphorae culture may have had skilled healers who could accomplish such procedures. The origin of the person could be clarified by further isotopic and DNA studies.
References
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Dunand, F., Lichtenberg, R. 2006. Mummies and death in Egypt. Cornell University Press.
Erdal, Y. S., Erdal, Ц. D. 2011. A review of trepanations in Anatolia with new cases. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 21, 5, p. 505-534. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1154
Georgieva, P., Russeva, V. 2016. Human skull artifacts-roundels and a skull cap fragment from Kozareva Mogila, a late eneolithic site. Archaeologia Bulgarica, ХХ, 2, p. 1-28.
Gцtze, A. 1900. Eine neolithische Begrдbniss-Stelle bei Ketzin, Kr. Ost-Havellaii (Provinz Brandenburg). Zeitschrift fьr Ethnologie, 32, S. 146-177.
Gresky, J., Batieva, E., Kitova, A., Kalmykov, A., Belinskiy, A., Reinhold, S., Berezina, N. 2016. New cases of trepanations from the 5th to 3rd millennia BC in Southern Russia in the context of previous research: Possible evidence for a ritually motivated tradition of cranial surgery? American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 160, 4, p. 665-682. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22996
Hilton-Simpson, M. W.1922. Arab medicine and surgery: a study of the healing art in Algeria. London: Oxford University.
Jordanov, J., Dimitrova, B., Nikolov, S. 1988. Symbolic trepanations of skulls from the middle ages (IXth—Xth century) in Bulgaria. Acta Neurochirgica, 92, 1—4, p. 15-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01401967
Kaufman, M. H., Whitaker, D., McTavish, J. 1997. Differential diagnosis of holes in the calvarium: application of modern clinical data to palaeopathology. Journal of Archaeological Science, 24, p. 193-218.
Kozlowski, T., Stepańczak, B., Reitsema, L. J., Osipowicz, G., Szostek, K., Płoszaj, T., Jędrychowska-Dańska, K., Pawlyta, J., Paluszkiewicz, Cz., Witas, H. W. 2014. Osteological, chemical and genetic analyses of the human skeleton from a Neolithic site representing the Globular amphora culture (Kowal, Kuyavia region, Poland). Anthropologie, LII, 1, p. 91-111.
Li, H., Xiao, X., Huang, Y., Zhang, H., Lv, Еn., Wang, Q. 2022. First case of boring-and-cutting trepanation in ancient China. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 14, art. 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01486-y
Lillie, M. C. 2003. Cranial surgery: the epipalaeolithic to neolithic populations of Ukraine. In: Arnott, R, Finger, S, Smith, C. U. M. (eds.). Trepanation, history, discovery, theory. Lisse; Abingdon; Exton; Tokyo: Swets & Zeitlinger, p. 175-188.
Lidke, G. 2006. Trepanationen und Traumata an neolithischen Schдdeln aus Norddeutschland. In: Pieck, J., Terberger, T. (eds.). Frьhe Spuren der Gewalt — Schдdelverletzungen und Wundversorgung an prдhistorischen Menschenresten aus interdisziplinдrer Sicht. Beitrдge zur Ur- und Frьhgeschichte Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns, 41. Schwerin, S. 101-106.
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Lorkiewicz, W., Mietlińska, J., Karkus, J., Żądzińska, E., Jakubowski, J. K., Antoszewski, B. 2018. Over 4,500 years of trepanation in Poland: From the unknown to therapeutic advisability. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 6, p. 626-635. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2675
Lorkiewicz, W., Stolarczyk, H., Śmiszkiewicz-Skwarska, A., Żądzińska, E. 2005. An interesting case of prehistoric trepanation from Poland: re-evaluation of the skull from the Franki Suchodolskie site. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 15, 2, p. 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.744
Maccurdy, G. G. 1905. Prehistoric surgery — a Neolithic survival. American Anthropologist, 7, 1, p. 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1905.7.1.02a00030
Mann, G. 1991. Chronic ear disease as a possible reason for trephination. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 1 (3—4), p. 165-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1390010304
Manouvrier, L. 1895. Le T-sincipital, curieuse mutilation crвnienne nйolithique. Bulletins et Mйmoires de la Sociйtй d’Anthropologie de Paris, 6, p. 357-360.
Mednikova, M. 2003. Prehistoric trepanations in Russia: Ritual or surgical? In: Arnott, R, Finger, S, Smith, C. U. M. (eds.). Trepanation, history, discovery, theory. Lisse; Abingdon; Exton; Tokyo: Swets & Zeitlinger, p. 163-174.
Nemeskйri, J., Kralovбnszky, A., Harsбnyi, L. 1965. Trephined skulls from the 10th century. Acta Archaeologica Hungarica, 17, p. 343-367.
Pearson, K. 1899. Mathematical сontributions to the theory of evolution. on the reconstruction of the stature of prehistoric races. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, 192, p. 169-244.
Piek, J., Lidke, G., Terberger, T., von Smekal, Ul., Gaab, M. R. 1999. Stone age skull surgery in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: A systematic study. Neurosurgery, 45, 1, p. 147-151. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199907000-00033
Piggott, S. 1940. A trepanned skull of the Beaker period from Dorset and the practice of trepanning in prehistoric Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 6, p. 112-132. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00020430
Prioreschi, P. 1991a. Possible reasons for neolithic skull trephining. Perspectives in biology and medicine, 34, 2, p. 296-303. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.1991.0028
Prioreschi, P. 1991b. A history of medicine. I: Primitive and Ancient medicine. Mellen History of Medicine. Lewiston; Queenston; Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen.
Steinbock, R. 1976. Paleopathological diagnosis and interpretation: bone disease in ancient human populations. Springfield: Charles Thomas.
Szczepanek, A. 2016. Ludność kultury amfor kulistych i kultury ceramiki sznurowej na Wyżynie Lubelskiej w świetle badań antropologicznych. In: Jarosz, P., Libera. J., Włodarczak, P. (eds.). Schyłek neolitu na Wyżynie Lubelskiej. Krakуw: IAE PAN, s. 493-508.
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Gokhman, I. I. 1966. Naselenie Ukrainy v epokhu mezolita i neolita: antropologicheskii ocherk. Moskva: Nauka.
Kozak, O. D. 2015. Do pytannia pro fizychni navantazhennia ta zakhvoriuvannia naselennia kultury kuliastykh amfor Khmelnychchyny (na materiali hrupovoho pokhovannia z s. Iliatka). In: Zakhar’iev, V. (ed.). Starozhytnosti kultury kuliastykh amfor na Podilli. Khmelnytskyi: Tsiupak, s. 61-112.
Kruts, S. I. 2017. Skify stepei Ukrainy po antropologicheskim dannym. Kurgany Ukrainy, 5. Kiev; Berlin: IA NAN Ukrainy.
Mednikova, M. B. 2001. Trepanatsii u drevnikh narodov Evrazii. Moskva: Nauchnyi mir.
Potiekhina, I. D. 2015. Antropolohichni materialy z pokhovannia kultury kuliastykh amfor u s. Ozdiv. Dodatok 2. In: Mazuryk, Yu., Panyshko, S. Hruntove pokhovannia kultury kuliastykh amfor u seli Ozdiv na Volyni. Naukovi zapysky Rivnenskoho oblasnoho kraieznavchoho muzeiu, 13, 1, s. 155-159.
Rudych, T. O., Kozak, O. D. 2023. Antropolohiia pokhovalnykh kompleksiv kultury kuliastykh amfor Bilyi Potik ta Ozeriany 5 na Ternopilshchyni. Arkheolohiia i davnia istoriia Ukrainy, 1, s. 116-126.
Rudych, T. O. 2015. Antropolohichnyi material z rozkopok novykh pokhovalnykh kompleksiv Kultury kuliastykh amfor na Podilli. In: Zakhar’iev, V. (ed.). Starozhytnosti kultury kuliastykh amfor na Podilli. Khmelnytskyi: Tsiupak, s. 25-60.
Yahodynska, M. O., Ilchyshyn, V. V., Sokhatskyi, M. P. 2023. Novi doslidzhennia pokhovan kultury kuliastykh amfor na Ternopilshchyni. Arkheolohiia i davnia istoriia Ukrainy, 1 (46), s. 101-115.
Alt, K. W., Jeunesse, Chr. 2006. Blutiges Ritual oder medizinische Indikation? Reflektionen ьber die дlteste Schдdeltrepanation Mitteleuropas aus Ensisheim, Elsass (Frankreich). In: Pieck, J., Terberger, T. (eds.). Frьhe Spuren der Gewalt — Schдdelverletzungen und Wundversorgung an prдhistorischen Menschenresten aus interdisziplinдrer Sicht. Beitrдge zur Ur- und Frьhgeschichte Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns, 41. Schwerin, S. 51-60.
Behm-Blancke, von, G. 1964. Zur Herkunft der neolithischen «Neurochirurgenschule» in Mitteldeutschland. Ausgrabungen und Funde. Nachrichtenblatt fьr Vor- und Frьhgeschichte, 9, S. 238-242.
Bennike, P. 2003. Ancient trepanations and differential diagnosis: a re-evaluation of skeletal remains from Denmark. In: Arnott, R, Finger, S, Smith, C. U. M. (eds.). Trepanation, history, discovery, theory. Lisse; Abingdon; Exton; Tokyo: Swets & Zeitlinger, p. 95-116.
Brothwell, D. R. 1994. Ancient trephining: multi-focal evolution or trans-world diffusion? Journal of Paleopathology, 6, p. 129-138.
Campillo, D. 1984. Neurosurgical pathology in prehistory. Acta Neurochirgica, 70, p. 275-290.
Capasso, L., Di Tota, G. 1996. Possible therapy for headaches in ancient times. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 6, p. 316-319.
Cordier, G. 2005. Rondelles crвniennes. Une enquкte bibliographique. Bulletin de la Sociйtй prйhistorique franзaise, 102, 2, p. 361-369. https://doi.org/10.3406/bspf.2005.13113
Czarnetzki, A., Pusch, C. M. 2006 Techniken der Trepanation und Frakturbehandlung im spдten Neolithicum. In: Pieck, J., Terberger, T. (eds.). Frьhe Spuren der Gewalt — Schдdelverletzungen und Wundversorgung an prдhistorischen Menschenresten aus interdisziplinдrer Sicht. Beitrдge zur Ur- und Frьhgeschichte Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns, 41. Schwerin, S. 83-86.
Derums, V. J. 1979. Extensive trepanation of the skull in ancient Latvia. Bulletin of the history of medicine, 53, 3, p. 459-464. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44450933
Dunand, F., Lichtenberg, R. 2006. Mummies and death in Egypt. Cornell University Press.
Erdal, Y. S., Erdal, Ц. D. 2011. A review of trepanations in Anatolia with new cases. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 21, 5, p. 505-534. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1154
Georgieva, P., Russeva, V. 2016. Human skull artifacts-roundels and a skull cap fragment from Kozareva Mogila, a late eneolithic site. Archaeologia Bulgarica, ХХ, 2, p. 1-28.
Gцtze, A. 1900. Eine neolithische Begrдbniss-Stelle bei Ketzin, Kr. Ost-Havellaii (Provinz Brandenburg). Zeitschrift fьr Ethnologie, 32, S. 146-177.
Gresky, J., Batieva, E., Kitova, A., Kalmykov, A., Belinskiy, A., Reinhold, S., Berezina, N. 2016. New cases of trepanations from the 5th to 3rd millennia BC in Southern Russia in the context of previous research: Possible evidence for a ritually motivated tradition of cranial surgery? American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 160, 4, p. 665-682. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22996
Hilton-Simpson, M. W.1922. Arab medicine and surgery: a study of the healing art in Algeria. London: Oxford University.
Jordanov, J., Dimitrova, B., Nikolov, S. 1988. Symbolic trepanations of skulls from the middle ages (IXth—Xth century) in Bulgaria. Acta Neurochirgica, 92, 1—4, p. 15-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01401967
Kaufman, M. H., Whitaker, D., McTavish, J. 1997. Differential diagnosis of holes in the calvarium: application of modern clinical data to palaeopathology. Journal of Archaeological Science, 24, p. 193-218.
Kozlowski, T., Stepańczak, B., Reitsema, L. J., Osipowicz, G., Szostek, K., Płoszaj, T., Jędrychowska-Dańska, K., Pawlyta, J., Paluszkiewicz, Cz., Witas, H. W. 2014. Osteological, chemical and genetic analyses of the human skeleton from a Neolithic site representing the Globular amphora culture (Kowal, Kuyavia region, Poland). Anthropologie, LII, 1, p. 91-111.
Li, H., Xiao, X., Huang, Y., Zhang, H., Lv, Еn., Wang, Q. 2022. First case of boring-and-cutting trepanation in ancient China. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 14, art. 11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-021-01486-y
Lillie, M. C. 2003. Cranial surgery: the epipalaeolithic to neolithic populations of Ukraine. In: Arnott, R, Finger, S, Smith, C. U. M. (eds.). Trepanation, history, discovery, theory. Lisse; Abingdon; Exton; Tokyo: Swets & Zeitlinger, p. 175-188.
Lidke, G. 2006. Trepanationen und Traumata an neolithischen Schдdeln aus Norddeutschland. In: Pieck, J., Terberger, T. (eds.). Frьhe Spuren der Gewalt — Schдdelverletzungen und Wundversorgung an prдhistorischen Menschenresten aus interdisziplinдrer Sicht. Beitrдge zur Ur- und Frьhgeschichte Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns, 41. Schwerin, S. 101-106.
Lisowski, F. P. 1967. Prehistoric and early historic trepanation. In: Brothwell, D. R., Sandison, A. T. (eds.). Diseases in Antiquity. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, p. 651-672.
Lorkiewicz, W., Mietlińska, J., Karkus, J., Żądzińska, E., Jakubowski, J. K., Antoszewski, B. 2018. Over 4,500 years of trepanation in Poland: From the unknown to therapeutic advisability. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 6, p. 626-635. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2675
Lorkiewicz, W., Stolarczyk, H., Śmiszkiewicz-Skwarska, A., Żądzińska, E. 2005. An interesting case of prehistoric trepanation from Poland: re-evaluation of the skull from the Franki Suchodolskie site. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 15, 2, p. 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.744
Maccurdy, G. G. 1905. Prehistoric surgery — a Neolithic survival. American Anthropologist, 7, 1, p. 17-23. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1905.7.1.02a00030
Mann, G. 1991. Chronic ear disease as a possible reason for trephination. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 1 (3—4), p. 165-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1390010304
Manouvrier, L. 1895. Le T-sincipital, curieuse mutilation crвnienne nйolithique. Bulletins et Mйmoires de la Sociйtй d’Anthropologie de Paris, 6, p. 357-360.
Mednikova, M. 2003. Prehistoric trepanations in Russia: Ritual or surgical? In: Arnott, R, Finger, S, Smith, C. U. M. (eds.). Trepanation, history, discovery, theory. Lisse; Abingdon; Exton; Tokyo: Swets & Zeitlinger, p. 163-174.
Nemeskйri, J., Kralovбnszky, A., Harsбnyi, L. 1965. Trephined skulls from the 10th century. Acta Archaeologica Hungarica, 17, p. 343-367.
Pearson, K. 1899. Mathematical сontributions to the theory of evolution. on the reconstruction of the stature of prehistoric races. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, 192, p. 169-244.
Piek, J., Lidke, G., Terberger, T., von Smekal, Ul., Gaab, M. R. 1999. Stone age skull surgery in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: A systematic study. Neurosurgery, 45, 1, p. 147-151. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199907000-00033
Piggott, S. 1940. A trepanned skull of the Beaker period from Dorset and the practice of trepanning in prehistoric Europe. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 6, p. 112-132. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00020430
Prioreschi, P. 1991a. Possible reasons for neolithic skull trephining. Perspectives in biology and medicine, 34, 2, p. 296-303. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.1991.0028
Prioreschi, P. 1991b. A history of medicine. I: Primitive and Ancient medicine. Mellen History of Medicine. Lewiston; Queenston; Lampeter: The Edwin Mellen.
Steinbock, R. 1976. Paleopathological diagnosis and interpretation: bone disease in ancient human populations. Springfield: Charles Thomas.
Szczepanek, A. 2016. Ludność kultury amfor kulistych i kultury ceramiki sznurowej na Wyżynie Lubelskiej w świetle badań antropologicznych. In: Jarosz, P., Libera. J., Włodarczak, P. (eds.). Schyłek neolitu na Wyżynie Lubelskiej. Krakуw: IAE PAN, s. 493-508.
Szmyt, M. 1999. Between West and East. People of the Globular Amphora Culture in Eastern Europe: 2950—2350 BC. Baltic-Pontic studies, 8. Poznań: Institute of Archaeology.
Ullrich, H., Weickmann, F. 1965. Prдhistorische Trдparationen und ihre Abgrenzung gegen andere Schдdeldachdefekte. Anthropologische Anzeiger, 29, S. 261-272.
Ullrich, H. 1971. Skelette und prдparierte Schдdel der Kugelamforenleute aus Kerzen, Kreis Nauen. Verцffentlichungen des Museums fьr Uhr und Frьhgeschichte Potsdam, 6, S. 37-56.
Ullrich, H. 2006a. Prдhistorische Trepanationen — Definitionen und Begriffsbestimmungen. In: Piek, J., Terberger, T. (eds.). Frьhe Spuren der Gewalt — Schдdelverletzungen und Wundversorgungen an prдhistorischen Menschenresten aus interdisziplinдrer Sicht. Schwerin, S. 23-27.
Ullrich, H. 2006b. Prдhistorische Trepanationen mit therapeutischer Indikation. In: Piek, J., Terberger, T. (eds.). Frьhe Spuren der Gewalt — Schдdelverletzungen und Wundversorgungen an prдhistorischen Menschenresten aus interdisziplinдrer Sicht. Schwerin, S. 87-94.
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Published
2024-03-11
How to Cite
Kozak, O. . (2024). CRANIAL TREPANATION IN THE GLOBULAR AMPHORAE CULTURE BURIAL OF WESTERN PODILLYA. Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine, 50(1(50), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2024.01.09
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