CASE STUDY OF THE SKULL TRAUMA TREATMENT IN INHUL CATACOMB CULTURE BURIAL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2025.01.09Keywords:
Cranial surgery, Middle Bronze Age, North Pontic region, Inhul Catacomb cultureAbstract
The development of cranial surgery began in Europe in the Neolithic period. The main Type of cranial surgery, associated with medical indications or rituals is trepanation which is the removal of part of the bone up to the formation of a hole in the skull vault. The reasons for the first medical operations on the skull include trauma and its consequences.
The present paper is a report of a case of skull injury with traces of surgical intervention.
On the right parietal bone of a man of 45—50 years of age from a Catacomb culture burial near Novoivanivka village, Nikopol district, Dnipro region, a rounded depressed non-penetrating healed injury inflicted by a blunt weapon such as an axe was found. The outer plate of the bone and apparently the diploe were damaged. On the inner surface of the parietal, in the projection of the injury, there was an interruption in the pattern of vascular imprints, which may indicate a well-healed haematoma. This haemorrhage may have been caused by trauma to the dura mater vessels and / or microcracks in the internal lamina.
The quadrangular superficial groove was traced around the injury.
The loss of bone tissue in the centre of the wound and the reactive formations found on its surface may indicate necrosis and inflammation of the bone. The groove around the wound is artificial and has probably been made to clean the necrotic wound edges or to expose and remove concentric fissures around the depression. The entire wound has very well healed, so we cannot see any traces of the instrument used to perform the operation. However, it could be assumed to be a relatively narrow scraper or chisel-like instrument.
This case is one clear example of surgery to treat a cranial injury. Surgical traces are difficult to distinguish from an untreated injury. Currently, there is no algorithm available to help distinguish between the two. For methodological reasons, we believe it is necessary to publish as many cases as possible of traumas and trepanations that may have been treated at different stages of healing. This will facilitate the study of the development of ancient surgical techniques.
References
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Ackerknecht, E. H. 1971. Medicine and ethnology: selected essays. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Arena, F., Larocca, F., Gualdi-Russo, E. 2022. Cranial surgery in Italy during the Bronze Age. World Neurosurgery, 157, p. 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2021.09.105.
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Bereczki, Z., Molnár, E., Marcsik, A., Pálfi, G., 2013. Rare types of trephination from Hungary shed new light on possible cross-cultural connections in the Carpathian Basin. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 25, 3, p. 322-333
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Campillo, D., Mercadal, O. 1989. New trephined skulls in Minorca. Advances in Paleopathology. Journal of Paleopathology, Monographic Publica-tions, 1, p. 1520.
Campillo, D. 1984. Neurosurgical pathology in prehistory. Acta Neurochirurgica, 70, p. 275-290.
Clowes, H. A. 1926. Trepanning or trephining. British Medical Journal, 1 (3995), p. 168.
Czarnetzki, A., Pusch, C. 2006. Techniken der Trepanation und Frakturbehandlung im späten Neolithicum. In: Piek, J., Terberger, T. (Hrgb.). Frühe Spuren der Gewalt — Schädelverletzungen und Wundversorgungen an prähistorischen Menschenresten aus interdisziplinärer Sicht. Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns, 41. Schwerin, S. 83-86.
Erdal, Y. S., Erdal, Ö. D. 2011. A review of trepanations in Anatolia with new cases. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 21, p. 505-534. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1154
Fischer, H. 1970. Verlentzungen des Schädelskelets und ihre Ausheilüng. In: Burkhardt, L., Fischer, H. (Hrgb.). Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie. 9: Bewegungsapparat, 7: Pathologische Anatomie des Schädels. Berlin; Heidelberg; New York: Springer, S. 353-471.
Gresky, J., Batieva, E., Kitova, A., Kalmykov, A., Belinskiy, A., Reinhold, S., Berezina, N. 2016. New cases of trepanations from the 5th to 3rd millennia BC in Southern Russia in the context of previous research: Possible evidence for a ritually motivated tradition of cranial surgery? American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 160, 4, p. 665-682. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22996
Hippocrates, 1999. Book III. On Wounds in the Head. Loeb Classical Library edition (part 3). 7th edition. Translation: Withington, E. T., Harvard: Harvard University.
Kadrow, S., Pokutta, D. A. 2016. The Verteba Cave: A Subterranean Sanctuary of the Cucuteni-Trypillia Culture in Western Ukraine. Journal of Neolithic Archaeology, 18, p. 1-21. https:/doi.org/10.12766/jna.2016.1
Karolyi, L. 1968. Das Trepanationsproblem. Beitrag zur Paläoanthropologie und Paläopathologie. Homo, 19, S. 90-93.
Kirkup, J. 2003. The evolution of cranial saws and related instruments. In: Arnott, R., Finger, S., Smith, C. U. M. (eds.) Trepanation. History, discovery, theory. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger B. V., p. 289-304.
Kis, L., Tihanyi, B., Király, K., Berthon, W., Spekker, O., Váradi, O., Nagy, R., Neparáczki, E., Révész, L., Szabу, A., Pálfi, G., Bereczki, Z. 2022. A previously undescribed cranial surgery technique in the Carpathian Basin 10th century CE. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 32, 2, p. 479-492.
Klochko, V. I. 2001. Weaponry of societies of the Northern Pontic culture circle: 5000—700 BC. Baltic-Pontic Studies, 10. Poznan: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza.
Kurin, D. S. 2013. Trepanation in South-Central Peru during the early late intermediate period (ca. AD 1000—1250). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 152, 4, p. 484-494. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22383
Lauche, A. 1975. Zur Zusammenhangstrennungen der Knochen. In: Lubarsch, O., Henke, F. (Hrgb.) Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie. 9, 3: Knochen und Gelenke. Berlin; Heidelberg; New York: Springer, S. 204-308
Lidke, G. 2006. Trepanationen und Traumata an neolithischen Schädeln aus Norddeutschland. In: Piek, J., Terberger, T. (Hrgb.). Frühe Spuren der Gewalt — Schädelverletzungen und Wundversorgungen an prähistorischen Menschenresten aus interdisziplinärer Sicht. Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns, 41. Schwerin, S. 101-106.
Lillie, M., Potekhina, I., Nikitin, A. G., Sokhatsky, M. P. 2015. First Evidence for Interpersonal Violence in Ukraine’s Trypillian Farming Culture: Individual 3 from Verteba Cave, Bilche Zolote In: Gerdau-Radonić, K., McSweeney, K. (eds.). Trends in Biological Antrhopology. Oxford: Oxbow Books, p. 54-60
Lisowski, F. P. 1967. Prehistoric and early historic trepanation. In: Brothwell, D. R., Sandison, A. T. (eds.). Diseases in Antiquity. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, p. 651-672.
Manouvrier, L. 1895. Le T-sincipital, curieuse mutilation crânienne néolithique. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d’Anthropologie de Paris, 6, p. 357-360
Martin, R. 1928. Lehrbuch der Anthropologie. 2nd ed. Jena: Fischer.
Meschig, R. 1983. Zur Geschichte der Trepanation unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Schädeloperationen bei den Kisii im Hochland Westkenias. Düsseldorf: Triltsch.
Nelson, G. C., 2015. A host of other dental diseases and disorders. In: Irish, J. D., Scott, G. R. (eds.). A Companion to Dental Anthropology, John Wiley & Sons, p. 465-483. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118845486.ch28.
Nerlich, A., Peschel, O., Zink, A., Rösing, F. 2003. The pathology of trepanation: Differential diagnosis, healing, and dry bone appearance in modern cases. In: Arnott, R., Finger, S., Smith, C. U. M. (eds.). Trepanation. History, discovery, theory. Lisse, Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger B. V., p. 191-202.
Orłowska, J. 2015. How did they drill that? A few observations on the possible methods for making large-sized holes in antler. EXARC Journal (online), 2. Available at: https://exarc.net/ark:/88735/10193. (Accessed 13 January 2025).
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Published
2025-03-31
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Kozak, O. ., & Sharapova, C. . (2025). CASE STUDY OF THE SKULL TRAUMA TREATMENT IN INHUL CATACOMB CULTURE BURIAL. Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine, 54(1(54), 185–197. https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2025.01.09
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