THE IVKIVTSI BURIAL AS AN INDICATOR OF A PRESTIGIOUS: BETWEEN SOCIAL STATUS AND BIOLOGICAL IDENTITY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2025.03.11Keywords:
Middle Dnipro region, Early Roman period, late Zarubyntsy type, funeral rites, anthropological research, necklace.Abstract
The paper presents the results of an interdisciplinary study of burial 10, which was discovered at the Ivkivtsi burial ground, a reference site of the Late Zarubintsy cultural group. Evidence at the site points to the preservation of certain Classical Zarubintsy traits, while also reflecting the development characteristic of the Late Zarubintsy cultural group. The results of the interdisciplinary study of the burial ground significantly expand our understanding of the material culture, burial rites, and cross-cultural contacts of the Late Zarubintsy population. The study focused on the grave goods and bioarchaeological analysis of human remains. Based on the obtained data, it was ascertained that the grave was a double burial: the cremated remains of two individuals were identified — an adolescent aged 15—20 years (probably female) and a child of perinatal or infant age (up to 3 years old). After the cremation, the skeletal remains of both individuals were buried in the ceramic and, possibly, organic urn. The sex of the individuals could not be determined anthropologically due to the absence of preserved sexually diagnostic skeletal features. However, the presence of a necklace among the adolescent’s remains may indicate a probable female sex. The grave goods include a necklace made of carnelian, glass, and rock crystal beads, as well as faience plaques depicting lions and scarabs. These items indicate the affluence of the buried individuals and possibly their high social status. Typological analysis of the grave goods permits to suggest the contacts with the Sarmatian groups. The obtained results are consistent with the chronological and cultural characteristics of the settlement and burial ground, which are generally dated to the 1st—2nd centuries AD. The research indicates significance of the Ivkivtsi cemetery for the study of the late Zarubynetsi-type sites within the cultural context of the Early Roman period and its cross-cultural interactions with the Sarmatian populations.
References
Alekseev, V. P., Debets, G. F. 1964. Kraniometriia. Metodika antropologicheskikh issledovanii. Moskva: Nauka.
Alekseeva, E. M. 1975. Antichnye busy Severnogo Prichernomoria. І. Arkheologiia SSSR. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov, G1-12/1. Moskva: Nauka.
Alekseeva, E. M. 1982. Antichnye busy Severnogo Prichernomoria. ІІІ. Arkheologiia SSSR. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov, G1-12/3. Moskva: Nauka.
Arion, V. O., Bashkatov, Iu. Iu., Oblomskii, A. M., Terpilovskii, R. V. 2010. U istokov slavianstva. In: Oblomskii, A. M. (red.). Pozdnezarubinetskie pamiatniki na territorii Ukrainy (vtoraia polovina I — II vv. n. e.). Ranneslavianskii mir, 12. Moskva: IA RAN, s. 93-110.
Bashkatov, Yu. Yu., Bitkovska, T. V. 2021. Ivkivtsi — novyi typ piznozarubynetskykh pam’iatok Serednoho Podniprov’ia. Arkheolohiia, 2, s. 52-62. https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2021.02.052
Bezusko, L. G., Klimanov, V. A., Sheliag-Sosonko, Iu. R. 1988. Klimaticheskie usloviia Ukrainy v pozdnelednikove i golotsene. In: Khotinskii, N. A., Klimanov, V. A. (red.). Paleoklimaty golotsena Evropeiskoi territorii SSSR. Moskva: Institut geografii AN SSSR, s. 125-135.
Bitkovska, T. V. 2019. Korchuvatskyi mohylnyk, suchasnyi stan materialiv. In: Petrauskas, O. V., Hopkalo, O. V., Horbanenko, S. A. (red.). Starozhytnosti varvarskykh plemen u pershii polovyni I tys. n.e.: do 90-richchia V. D. Barana. Oium, 6. Kyiv: IA NAN Ukrainy, s. 169-180.
Voroniatov, S. V., Eremenko, V. E. 2006. Metallurgicheskii tsentr Liutezh, sarmaty i obrazovanie gorizonta Liutezh—Rakhny—Pochep: popytka interpretatsii [«Liutezhskoe plenenie bastarnov» — mif ili realnost?]. In: Savinov, D. G. (red.). Proizvodstvennye tsentry. Istochniki, «dorogi», areal rasprostraneniia. Materialy tematicheskoi nauchnoi konferentsii (Sankt-Peterburg, 18—21 dekabria 2006 g.). Sankt-Peterburg: Eleksis Print, s. 88-93.
Herasymenko, N. P. 2004. Rozvytok zonalnykh landshaftiv chetvertynnoho periodu na terytorii Ukrainy. Avtoreferat dysertatsii d-ra heohr. nauk. Kyiv: Instytut heohrafii NAN Ukrainy.
Dzeneladze, E. S. 2016. Ehypetskyi faians u pozdnykh skyfov Nyzhneho Dnepra. Arkheolohiia i davnia istoriia Ukrainy, 2 (19), s. 68-73.
Kozak, O. D. 2014. Do pytannia pro profesiini osteolohichni kompleksy epokhy bronzy. Metodychni osnovy vyznachennia kompleksu viznychoho. Arkheolohichni doslidzhennia Lvivskoho universytetu, 18, s. 11-33. https://doi.org/10.30970/ars.2014.18
Kozak, O., Potiekhina, I., Slobodian, T., Hupalo, V. 2019. Metodychni rekomendatsii z polovoi antropolohii. Lviv: NDU «Riativna arkheolohichna sluzhba» IA NAN Ukrainy.
Kravchenko, O. V., Synytsia, Ye. V. 2005. Sarmatske pokhovannia z khutora Khmilna. In: Lysenko, S. D. (red.). Problemy arkheolohii Serednoho Podniprov’ia. Do 15-richchia zasnuvannia Fastivskoho derzhavnoho kraieznavchoho muzeiu. Kyiv; Fastiv: IA NAN Ukrainy, Fastivskyi derzhavnyi kraieznavchyi muzei, s. 269-292.
Kushtan, D. P., Syvolap, M. P., Marchenko, O. V. 2018. Rozvidky v Potiasmynni. Arkheolohichni doslidzhennia v Ukraini 2016 r., s. 293-295.
Oblomskii, A. M. 2010. Vvedenie. In: Oblomskii, A. M. (red.). Pozdnezarubinetskie pamiatniki na territorii Ukrainy (vtoraia polovina I — II vv. n. e.). Ranneslavianskii mir, 12. Moskva: IA RAN, s. 5-7.
Simonenko, A. V. 2011. Rimskii import u sarmatov Severnogo Prichernomoria. Sankt-Peterburg: Nestor-Istoriia.
Slobodian, T. 2024. Bioarkheolohichni kolektsii Instytutu arkheolohii NAN Ukrainy. Kataloh krematsiinykh materialiv. Istorychna antropolohiia ta bioarkheolohiia Ukrainy, III. Kyiv: IA NAN Ukrainy.
Slobodian, T. I. 2018. Mozhlyvosti doslidzhennia tilopalnykh pokhovan: bioarkheolohichni studii. Arkheolohiia, 2, s. 127-137. https://doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2018.02.127
Ushkova, Yu. V. 2020. Do pytannia pro oznaky vershnytstva na antropolohichnomu materiali. Istorychna antropolohiia ta bioarkheolohiia Ukrainy, II, s. 140-153.
Shchukin, M. B. 1994. Na rubezhe er. Opyt istoriko-arkheologicheskoi rekonstruktsii politicheskikh sobytii III v. do n.e. — I v. n.e. v Vostochnoi i Tsentralnoi Evrope. Sankt-Peterburg: Farn.
Acsádi, Gy., Nemeskéri, J. 1970. History of Human Life Span and Mortality. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Adams, B. J., Crabtree, P. J. 2008. Comparative Skeletal Anatomy: A Photographic Atlas for Medical Examiners, Coroners, Forensic Anthropologists, and Archaeologists. New York: Humana Press.
Bass, W. 1995. Human osteology. A laboratory and field manual. 4th Edition. Columbia: Missouri Archaeological Society.
Bonhert, M., Rost, T., Faller-Marquardt, M., Ropohl, D. Pollack, S. 1997. Fractures of the Base of the Skull in Charred Bodies: Post-mortem Heat Injuries or Signs of Mechanical Traumatisation. Forensic Science International, 87, р. 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(97)02136-1
Brothwell, D. R. 1981. Digging up bones. The Excavation, Treatment, and Study of Human Skeletal Remains. 3rd edition. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University.
Buikstra, J., Ubelaker, D. (eds.). 1994. Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research series, 44. Fayetteville: Arkansas Archaeological Survey.
Burns, K. R. 1999. Forensic Anthropology Training Manual. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Byers, S. N. 2002. Introduction to Forensic Anthropology: A Textbook. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Chochol, J. 1961. Antropologický Rozbor Lidských Žárových Pozůstatků z Lužických Pohřebišť v Ústí nad Laben-Střekově II A v Žírovicích, Okres Cheb. In: Plesl, E. (ed.). Lužická Kultura v Severozápadních Čechách. Praha: Česko-slovenské akademie věd, p. 195-232, 273-290.
Devlin, J. B., Herrmann, N. P. 2008. Bone Color as an Interpretive Tool of the Depositional History of Archaeological Cremains. In: Schmidt, C. W., Symes, S. A. (eds.). The Analysis of Burned Human Remains. London: Academic Press, p. 109-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012372510-3.50008-3
Dokládal, M. 1999. Morfologie spálených kostí. Význam pro identifikaci osob. Acta Facultatis Medicae Universitatis Brunensis Masarykianne, 113. Brno: Masarykova univerzita.
Fazekas, Is. G., Kósa, F. 1978. Forensic Fetal Osteology. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Franceschetti, L., Mazzucchi, A., Magli, F., Collini, F., Gaudio, D., Cattaneo, C. 2021. Are Cranial Peri-mortem Fractures Identifiable in Cremated Remains? A Study on 38 Known Cases. Legal Medicine, 49, 101850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.101850
Friedlander, H. 2018. Differentiation of Perimortem Trauma from Heat Fractures in Cranial and Irregular Bones in Cases of Cremation. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta.
Großkopf, B. 2004. Leichenbrand: Biologisches und kulturhistorisches Quellenmaterial zur Rekonstruktion vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Populationen und ihrer Funeralpraktiken. Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr. Phil. Universität Leipzig.
Gruchy, S., Rogers, T. L. 2002. Identifying Chop Marks on Cremated Bone: A Preliminary Study. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47 (5), p. 933-936. https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS15506J
Herrmann, B. 1988. Behandlung von Leichenbrand. In: Knussman, R. (eds.). Anthropologie. Handbuch der vergleichenden Biologie des Menschen. I: Wesen und Methoden der Anthropologie. 1. Teil: Wissenschaftstheorie, Geschichte, morphologische Methoden. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, s. 576-585.
Herrmann, B., Grupe, G., Hummel, S., Piepenbrink, H., Schutkowski, H. 1990. Prähistorische Anthropologie. Leitfaden der Feld- und Labormethoden. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61514-6
Herrmann, N. P., Bennett, J. L. 1999. The Differentiation of Traumatic and Heat-Related Fractures in Burned Bone. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44 (3), p. 461-469. https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS14495J
Holck, P. 1997—2008. Cremated Bones: A Medical-anthropological Study of an Archaeological Material on Cremation Burials. Anthropologiske skrifer, 1. Reprint of the 3rd revised edition. Oslo: Anatomisk institutt, University of Oslo.
Krenzer, U. 2006. Compendio de métodos antropológico-forenses: para la reconstrucción del perfil osteo-biológico, 1—7. Ciudad: Ciber Negocios.
Lemmers, S. A. M., Gonçalves, D., Cunha, E., Vassalo, A. R., Appleby, J. 2020. Burned Fleshed or Dry? The Potential of Bioerosion to Determine the Pre-Burning Condition of Human Remains. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 27, p. 972-991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-020-09446-x
Logan, J. 2002. Identifying Archaeological Metal. Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) Notes, 4 (1). Ottawa: Canadian Heritage.
Mayne Correia, P. M. 1997. Fire Modification of Bone: A Review of the Literature. In: Haglund, W. D., Sorg, M. H. (eds.). Forensic Taphonomy: The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains. New York: CRC Press, р. 275-293. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439821923.ch18
McKern, T. W., Stewart, T. D. 1957. Skeletal Age Changes in Young American Males: Analysis from the Standpoint of Age Identification. Technical Report EP-45, Environmental Protection Research Division, Quartermaster Research and Development Center, U.S. Army. Natick, Massachusetts. https://doi.org/10.21236/ad0147240
McKinley, J. I. 1994. Bone Fragment Size in British Cremation Burials and its Implications for Pyre Technology and Ritual. Journal of Archaeological Science, 21, p. 339-342. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1994.1033
Naji, S., Becdelievre, C., Djouad, S., Duday, H., André, A., Rottier, S. 2014. Recovery Methods for Cremated Commingled Remains: Analysis and Interpretation of Small Fragments Using a Bioarchaeological Approach. In: Adams, B. J., Byrd, J. E. (eds.). Commingled Human Remains: Methods in Recovery, Analysis, and Identification. San Diego: Academic Press, p. 33-56.
Nicholson, R. A. 1993. A Morphological Investigation of Burnt Animal Bone and an Evaluation of its Utility in Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science, 20 (4), p. 411-428. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1993.1025
Nováček, J., Schultz, M. 2020. Palaeopathological Investigations of Cremated Human Remains — Methodological and Comparative Study on the Example of Traces of Pathological Conditions in the Skull. Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 78 (1—2), p. 59-81. https://doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2020/1259
Ortner, D., Putschar, W. 1981. Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Palfi, G., Dutour, O. 1996. Activity-induced Skeletal Markers in Historical Anthropological Material. International Journal of Anthropology, 11 (1), p. 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02442202
Piontek, J. 2007. Metodyka Antropologicznych Badań Materiałów Kostnych z Grobów Ciałopalnych. In: Bakalarska, L. (ed.). Materiały z Konferencji Konserwatorstwa Archeologicznego Zorganizowanych przez Ośrodek Ochrony Dziedzictwa Archeologicznego. Warszawa: Krajowy Ośrodek Badań i Dokumentacji Zabytków, p. 56-73.
Pope, E. J., Smith, O. C. 2004. Identification of Traumatic Injury in Burned Cranial Bone: An Experimental Approach. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49 (3), p. 431-440. https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS2003286
Schaefer, M., Black, S., Scheuer, L. 2009. Juvenile Osteology. A Laboratory and Field Manual. Amsterdam: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374635-1.X0001-X
Schmidt, C. W., Symes, S. A. (eds.). 2008. The Analysis of Burned Human Remains. London: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372510-3.X5001-1
Schultz, M. 1988. Paläopathologische Diagnostik. In: Knussman, R. (eds.). Anthropologie. Handbuch der vergleichenden Biologie des Menschen. I: Wesen und Methoden der Anthropologie. 1. Teil: Wissenschaftstheorie, Geschichte, morphologische Methoden. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer, s. 480-496.
Selwyn, L. 2004. Overview of Archaeological Iron: The Corrosion Problem, Key Factors Affecting Treatment, and Gaps in Current Knowledge. In: Metal 04: Proceedings of the International Conference on Metals Conservation, p. 294-306.
Shipman, Р., Foster, G., Schoeninger, М. 1984. Burnt Bones and Teeth. An Experimental Study of Color, Morphology, Crystal Structure and Shrinkage. Journal of Archaeological Science, 11, p. 307-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(84)90013-X
Slobodyan, Т., Terpilovskij, R. 2021. Prospects of Research on Cremated Human Remains: Correlation of Metal Traces on Cremations with Funeral Rituals and Burial Customs. Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 78 (1—2), р. 33-58. https://doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2020/1226
Stiner, M. C., Kuhn, S. L., Welner, S., Bar-Yosef, O. 1995. Differential Burning, Recrystallization, and Fragmentation of Archaeological Bone. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22 (2), p. 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1995.0024
Symes, S. A., Rainwater, С. W., Chapman, Е. N., Gipson, D. R., Piper, A. L. 2008. Patterned Thermal Destruction of Human Remains in a Forensic Setting. In: Schmidt, C. W., Symes, S. A. (eds.). The Analysis of Burned Human Remains. London: Academic Press, p. 15-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012372510-3.50004-6
Szilvássy, J. 1988. Altersdiagnose am Skelett. In: Knussman, R. (eds.). Anthropologie. Handbuch der vergleichenden Biologie des Menschen. I: Wesen und Methoden der Anthropologie. 1. Teil: Wissenschaftstheorie, Geschichte, morphologische Methoden. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag, s. 421-443.
Thurman, M. D., Willmore, L. J. 1981. A Replicative Cremation Experiment. North American Archaeologist, 2 (4), p. 275-283. https://doi.org/10.2190/29A5-84ED-4MB8-EP3M
Villotte, S., Knüsel, Ch. J. 2013. Understanding Entheseal Changes: Definition and Life Course Changes. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 23, p. 135-146. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.2289
Wahl, J. 1982. Leichenbranduntersuchungen. Ein Überblick über die Bearbeitung- und Aussagemöglichkeiten von Brandgräbern. Prähistorische Zeitschrift, 57 (1), s. 2-125. https://doi.org/10.1515/prhz.1982.57.1.1
Walker, P. L., Miller, K. W. P., Richman, R. 2008. Time, Temperature, and Oxygen Availability: An Experimental Study of the Effects of Environmental Conditions on the Color and Organic Content of Cremated Bone. In: Schmidt, C. W., Symes, S. A. (eds.). The Analysis of Burned Human Remains. London: Academic Press, p. 129-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012372510-3.50009-5
